Publications

2026

Fennel, K., The Verification Challenge of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal, Annual Review of Marine Science, 18:6.1–6.24, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025717, 2026. [pdf]

2025

Cossarini, G., Moore, A., Ciavatta, S., Fennel, K., Numerical models for monitoring and forecasting ocean biogeochemistry: a short description of present status, in: Ocean prediction: present status and state of the art (OPSR), edited by: Álvarez Fanjul, E., Ciliberti, S. A., Pearlman, J., Wilmer-Becker, K., and Behera, S., Copernicus Publications, State of the Planet, 5-opsr, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-5-opsr-12-2025, 2025.

Thierry V, Claustre H, Pasqueron de Fommervault O, Zilberman N, Johnson KS, King BA, Wijffels SE, Bhaskar UTVS, Balmaseda MA, Belbeoch M, Bollard M, Boutin J, Boyd P, Cancouët R, Chai F, Ciavatta S, Crane R, Cravatte S, Dall’Olmo G, Desbruyères D, Durack PJ, Fassbender AJ, Fennel K., Fujii Y, Gasparin F, Gonza ́ lez- Santana A, Gourcuff C, Gray A, Hewitt HT, Jayne SR, Johnson GC, Kolodziejczyk N, Le Boyer A, Le Traon P-Y, Llovel W, Lozier MS, Lyman JM, McDonagh EL, Martin AP, Meyssignac B, Mogensen KS, Morris T, Oke PR, Smith WO Jr, Owens B, Poffa N, Post J, Roemmich D, Rykaczewski RR, Sathyendranath S, Scanderbeg M, Scheurle C, Schofield O, von Schuckmann K, Scourse J, Sprintall J, Suga T, Tonani M, van Wijk E, Xing X and Zuo H, Advancing ocean monitoring and knowledge for societal benefit: the urgency to expand Argo to OneArgo by 2030. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12:1593904, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1593904, 2025. [link]

Fennel, K., The Verification Challenge of Marine Carbon Dioxide Removal, Annual Review of Marine Science, 18:X–X, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032123-025717, 2026. [pre-print]

Park, K., Atamanchuk, D., MacNeil, A., and Sieben, V.: The PIXIE: A low-cost, open-source, multichannel in situ fluorometer applied to dye-tracing in Halifax Harbour, Oceanography, 38(2), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2025.309, 2025.

Faucher, G., Haunost, M., Paul, A. J., Tietz, A. U. C., and Riebesell, U.: Growth response of Emiliania huxleyi to ocean alkalinity enhancement, Biogeosciences, 22, 405-415, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-405-2025, 2025.

Lehmann, N. and Bach L.T.: Pelagic calcifier proliferation along surface ocean gradients in carbonate chemistry, Nature Geoscience, 18, 205–206, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-025-01646-y, 2025.

Suessle, P., Taucher, J., Goldenberg, S. U., Baumann, M., Spilling, K., Noche-Ferreira, A., Vanharanta, M., and Riebesell, U.: Particle fluxes by subtropical pelagic communities under ocean alkalinity enhancement, Biogeosciences, 22, 71–86, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-71-2025, 2025.

Fennel, K., All hands on deck for ocean-based CO2 removal research, Open Access Government, 45(1):412-413, http://doi.org/10.56367/OAG-045-11727, pdf, 2025.

Wang, B., Laurent, A., Pei, Q., Sheng, J., Atamanchuk, D., & Fennel, K.: Maximizing the detectability of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) while minimizing its exposure risks: Insights from a numerical study. Earth's Future, 13, e2024EF005463. https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005463, 2025.

Oschlies, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Gattuso, J.-P., and Mengis, N.: Perspective and challenges of marine carbon dioxide removal, Front. Clim., 1506181, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2024.1506181, 2025.

2024

Goldenberg, S. U., Riebesell, U., Brüggemann, D., Börner, G., Sswat, M., Folkvord, A., Couret, M., Spjelkavik, S., Sánchez, N., Jaspers, C., and Moyano, M.: Viability of coastal fish larvae under ocean alkalinity enhancement: from organisms to communities, Biogeosciences, 21, 4521–4532, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4521-2024, 2024.

Sánchez, N., Goldenberg, S., Brüggemann, D., Taucher, J., and Riebesell, U.: Plankton food web structure and productivity under Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, Science Advances, 10, 49, https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ado0264, 2024.

Suitner, N., Faucher, G., Lim, C., Schneider, J., Moras, C. A., Riebesell, U., and Hartmann, J.: Ocean alkalinity enhancement approaches and the predictability of runaway precipitation processes – Results of an experimental study to determine critical alkalinity ranges for safe and sustainable application scenarios, Biogeosciences, 21, 4587-4604, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-4587-2024, 2024.

Bach, L. T., Ferderer, A. J., LaRoche, J., and Schulz, K. G.: Technical note: Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Pelagic Impact Intercomparison Project (OAEPIIP), Biogeosciences, 21, 3665–3676, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3665-2024, 2024.

Fennel, K., Atamanchuk, D., Musgrave, R.: Can ocean alkalinity enhancement reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide?, Futurum Careers, https://doi.org/10.33424/FUTURUM509, 2024.

Ferderer, A., Schulz, K. G., Riebesell, U., Baker, K. G., Chase, Z., and Bach, L. T.: Investigating the effect of silicate- and calcium-based ocean alkalinity enhancement on diatom silicification, Biogeosciences, 21, 2777–2794, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2777-2024, 2024.

Guo, J. A., Strzepek, R. F., Swadling, K. M., Townsend, A. T., and Bach, L. T.: Influence of ocean alkalinity enhancement with olivine or steel slag on a coastal plankton community in Tasmania, Biogeosciences, 21, 2335–2354, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-2335-2024, 2024.

Moras, C. A., Cyronak, T., Bach, L. T., Joannes-Boyau, R., and Schulz, K. G.: Effects of grain size and seawater salinity on magnesium hydroxide dissolution and secondary calcium carbonate precipitation kinetics: implications for ocean alkalinity enhancement, Biogeosciences, 21, 3463–3475, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-3463-2024, 2024.

Paul, A. J., Haunost, M., Goldenberg, S. U., Hartmann, J., Sánchez, N., Schneider, J., Suitner, N., and Riebesell, U.: Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open ocean ecosystem: Biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2024-417, 2024.

Bach, L. T.: The additionality problem of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, Biogeosciences, 21, 261-277, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-261-2024, 2024.

Xin, X., Faucher, G., and Riebesell, U.: Phytoplankton response to increased nickel in the context of ocean alkalinity enhancement, Biogeosciences, 21, 761–772, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-761-2024, 2024.

2023

Lehmann, N., Lantuit, H., Böttcher, M. E., Hartmann, J., Eulenburg, A., & Thomas, H.: Alkalinity generation from carbonate weathering in a silicate-dominated headwater catchment at Iskorasfjellet, northern Norway, Biogeosciences, 20(16), 3459-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-3459-2023, 2023.

Riebesell, U., Basso, D., Geilert, S., Dale, A. W., Kreuzburg, M., and Meysman, F.: Mesocosm experiments in ocean alkalinity enhancement research, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 6, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-6-2023, 2023.

Schulz, K. G., Bach, L. T., and Dickson, A. G.: Seawater carbonate system considerations for ocean alkalinity enhancement research, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 2, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-2-2023, 2023.

Fennel, K., Long, M. C., Algar, C., Carter, B., Keller, D., Laurent, A., Mattern, J. P., Musgrave, R., Oschlies, A., Ostiguy, J., Palter, J., and Whitt, D. B.: Modeling considerations for research on Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE), in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 9, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-9-2023, 2023.

Oschlies, A., Bach, L., Rickaby, R., Satterfield, T., Webb, R. M., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Climate targets, carbon dioxide removal and the potential role of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 1, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-1-2023, 2023.

Jiang, L.-Q., Subhas, A., Basso, D., Fennel, K., and Gattuso, J.-P.: Chapter 7. Data reporting and sharing for ocean alkalinity enhancement research, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 13, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-13-2023, 2023.

Ho, D. T., Bopp, L., Palter, J. B., Long, M. C., Boyd, P., Neukermans, G., and Bach, L.: Monitoring, reporting, and verification for ocean alkalinity enhancement, in: Guide to Best Practices in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Research, edited by: Oschlies, A., Stevenson, A., Bach, L. T., Fennel, K., Rickaby, R. E. M., Satterfield, T., Webb, R., and Gattuso, J.-P., Copernicus Publications, State Planet, 2-oae2023, 12, https://doi.org/10.5194/sp-2-oae2023-12-2023, 2023.

Hartmann, J., Suitner, N., Lim, C., Schneider, J., Marín-Samper, L., Arístegui, J., Renforth, P., and Riebesell, U.: Stability of alkalinity in Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) approaches – consequences for durability of CO₂ storage, Biogeosciences, 20, 781-802, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2022-126, 2023.

Lehmann, N., Stacke, T., Lehmann, S., Lantuit, H., Gosse, J., Mears, C., Hartmann, J., and Thomas, H.: Alkalinity responses to climate warming destabilize the Earth's thermostat, Nat. Comm., 14, 1648, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37165-w, 2023.

Sonnichsen, C., Atamanchuk, D., Hendricks, A., Morgan, S., Smith, J., Grundke, I., Luy, E., and Sieben, V. J.: An Automated Microfluidic Analyzer for in-situ Monitoring of Total Alkalinity, ACS Sens., 8, 344-352, https://doi.org/10.1021/acssensors.2c02343, 2023.

2022

Moras, C. A., Bach, L. T., Cyronak, T., Joannes-Boyau, R., and Schulz, K. G.: Ocean alkalinity enhancement – avoiding runaway CaCO3 precipitation during quick and hydrated lime dissolution, Biogeosciences, 19, 3537-3557, 10.5194/bg-19-3537-2022, 2022.

Renforth, P., Baltruschat, S., Peterson, K., Mihailova, B. D., and Hartmann, J.: Using ikaite and other hydrated carbonate minerals to increase ocean alkalinity for carbon dioxide removal and environmental remediation, Joule, 6(12), 2674-2679, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2022.11.001, 2022.